This study reports the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a novel sulfamethazine–anilin azo colorant prepared through a diazotization–coupling reaction. The synthesized dye was structurally confirmed using FT-IR,1H NMR, and mass spectrometric analyses. The photophysical behavior of the azo colorant was investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy in different solvents, while its fluorescence properties were evaluated in four distinct solvent media, revealing solvent-dependent emission characteristics. Electrochemical studies performed using cyclic voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode demonstrated well-defined redox behavior across various scan rates, indicating efficient electron transfer properties. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the synthesized azo derivative was explored in forensic science through latent fingerprint visualization using the powder dusting technique. The developed latent fingerprints exhibited clear and high-resolution Level I and Level II ridge characteristics under UV illumination. These findings highlight the multifunctional potential of the synthesized sulfamethazine–aniline azo colorant for applications in optoelectronic devices and forensic investigations.